Parent PLUS loans were once seen as a limited backstop: a federal student loan option designed to help parents bridge modest college funding gaps after their child exhausted federal student aid. Today, they’re a multi-billion-dollar engine of education financing, leaving more families burdened by loans they never expected to carry.

In 2014, parents held $65 billion in Parent PLUS debt. As of mid-2025, that figure has ballooned to more than $114 billion. 

But the more concerning part is that the number of borrowers has remained relatively flat: 3.1 million in 2014 compared to 3.6 million today. In other words, there aren’t more parents borrowing. Rather, the parents who are borrowing are taking out bigger loans, often topping $100,000 per student in high-cost programs.

Retirement At Risk

Unlike loans taken out by students, Parent PLUS loans don’t offer access to most income-driven repayment options. And starting in 2026, there will be no access to income driven repayment plans or Public Service Loan Forgiveness.

Parent PLUS Loans have notoriously been excluded from these plans on purpose – because the loans are not taking for the future gain of the borrower. Rather, parents are already in their careers and know what they can afford. So the rationale is that they should make choices on what they can afford to pay today. 

Furthermore, Parent PLUS loans are the only profitable loan for the U.S. Government. 

But the truth is, payments may still stretch family budgets, especially for those nearing retirement.

For Lisa T., a 63-year-old social worker nearing retirement, the monthly Parent PLUS bill feels endless. “I took out loans for both of my daughters thinking I’d help them get ahead. Now I worry it’s pushed me back and I don’t know if I can ever retire,” she said. Turner owes $78,000.

With collection activity resuming for student loans, parents who don’t pay their loans face garnished Social Security and tax refund offsets in retirement.

Parent PLUS Borrowing Limits Coming In 2026

Beginning in July 2026, the federal government will introduce new caps on how much parents can borrow as part of the One Big Beautiful Bill Act. 

Annual Parent PLUS loans will be limited to $20,000 per student, with a $65,000 lifetime cap.

That’s a significant change from current rules, which allow parents to borrow up to the full cost of attendance, regardless of income or ability to repay.

The new limits aim to curb over-borrowing and protect families from long-term financial strain. But they don’t address the existing $100 billion-plus in outstanding debt. Parents who already borrowed more than the new cap will remain responsible for their full balances.

Still, the caps could shift how families plan for college. The questions is will parents borrow less, or will they look at alternative strategies, such as private loans, home equity borrowing, or steering students toward lower-cost colleges.

Alternatives Come With Trade-Offs

While private student loans sometimes offer lower interest rates for well-qualified borrowers, they lack the flexible repayment options and federal protections available through federal loans. Private loans also typically require a co-signer, putting both parent and student at risk if financial hardship arises.

Another option is using a home equity line of credit (HELOC) to fund tuition costs. For homeowners with substantial equity, this can offer better rates and tax advantages. But it comes with a major risk: the house is collateral. A missed payment could eventually lead to foreclosure.

Some families are revisiting the college list entirely, focusing on in-state public universities, which can offer better value and have lower out-of-pocket costs.

The Return On Investment (ROI) Question

The growth in Parent PLUS debt has coincided with rising college sticker prices and flat wage growth, sparking a debate about whether the return on investment justifies the cost. According to recent research, nearly 30% of bachelor’s degree programs have a negative return on investment, meaning students (and their families) may never earn enough to justify the cost.

Degrees in engineering, nursing, and computer science tend to offer strong financial outcomes. But many fields, including psychology, education, and the arts, show weak ROI when measured against borrowing and future earnings. Parents who take out large loans for low-return degrees may not see a financial benefit either for themselves or their children.

These calculations are rarely front and center in the college admissions process. Parents often report feeling emotional pressure to “do whatever it takes” to help their children succeed. But that help, when it comes through federal student loans, can follow them into retirement and limit their ability to support other family needs.

Final Thoughts

The federal Parent PLUS loan program was designed to expand college access. But in practice, it has become a source of long-term financial stress for millions of families. While new borrowing limits starting in 2026 may provide future guardrails, the current generation of Parent PLUS borrowers is already feeling the strain.

As families plan for college, the trade-offs deserve more attention: the size of the loan, the repayment options, and, most important, whether the degree is likely to pay off. Parents often sign for these loans with little warning and few clear projections of long-term cost. A clearer picture of value, backed by tools and transparent data, is long overdue.

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